Role, Classification of Muscles
Janda (1994), Jull and Janda (1987) |
Bergmark (1989) |
Richardson (1992) |
Comerford and Mottram (2001) |
Phasic |
Local muscles |
Stability synergists |
Local stabilisers |
Tend to lengthen
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Deepest muscle layer that originates and inserts segmentally Control and maintain neutral Respond to changes in posture and to changes in low extrinsic load Independent of the direction of load or movement and appear to be biased for low load activity |
Single joint muscle Aligned to oppose gravity Approximates the joint Deep Extensive aponeuroses Slow twitch (type I) muscle fibres Control low force levels for long periods |
Increased muscle stiffness to control segmental motion Controls the neutral joint position Contraction = no or minimal length change so does not produce movement Activity is independent of direction of movement Continuous activity throughout movement Proprioceptive input through joint position, range and rate of movement |
Postural |
Global muscles |
Mobility synergists |
Global stabiliser |
Tend to tighten
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Superficial or outer layer of muscles lacking segmental vertebral insertions Insert or originate on the thorax or pelvis Respond to changes in the line of action and the magnitude of high extrinsic load Large torque producing muscles biased for range of movement |
Fast twitch muscle fibres (type II) Suited to production of high speed movement Span two joints Subject to high force values |
Generates force to control range of motion Contraction = eccentric length change – control throughout range especially inner range and outer range Low load deceleration of momentum Activity is direction dependent |
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Global mobilisers |
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Generates torque to produce range of motion Contraction = concentric length change – concentric production of movement Concentric acceleration of movement Shock absorption of load Activity is direction dependent Non-continuous activity (on:off phasic pattern)
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